Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing for Social Injustice - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthical Dilemmas in Nursing for Social Injustice. Answer: Introduction The Ethics is the essential section of the core foundation of the nursing practice. The nursing role has got a clear history for its concern on the ill, the injured, the vulnerable and against the social injustice. All these concerns got embodied in the dire offering of nursing to the individuals and the immediate community. Usually, nursing incorporates the prevention of sickness, the ending of patient suffering, patient protection and the restoration of the patients health. The ethical conflict arises amongst the nurse and other health professionals or with the family members or the patients(McLean, 2016). In the case study of Patrick Le, just an infant of eighteen months only, two ethical dilemmas develop concerning his admission to the small community hospital instead of being at the tertiary hospital to continue receiving the nursing care. Following the case scenario of the infant, the nurse on duty is against the transfer of the child to the ward and insist that the baby should get taken back to the tertiary hospital, but the emergency physician and the pediatric registrar insists that he should remain at the word(Jonsen, Siegler, Winslade, 2015). Out of the case study, in the essay, I would discuss on the two ethical conflicts, the moral theory applicable, the professional code of conduct and ethics, and the national and international charter. The Ethical Conflicts In the case scenario which involves an infant, Patrick Le, his mother, nurse on duty, the emergency physician and the pediatric registrar, there emerge disagreements regarding the patients transfer. An ethical conflict of the patient consent versus the professional duty of care develops. The patients mother, Sally, had asked the paramedics to take her child direct to the tertiary hospital but they declined, stating that they got a direction to take the infant to the nearest hospital(Hemberg, Nyman, Hemberg, 2017). In this situation, the patient consent got not observed since the babys mother had given an okay for her child to receive treatment at the tertiary hospital but all that happened was contrary to her decision. The infants mother had given informed consent for the child to continue receiving nursing care at the tertiary hospital but the paramedics did the contrary by objecting the decision and taking the baby to the closest community hospital. On admitting the child, the diagnosis got done without the patients consent. The emergency physician and the pediatric registrar hurriedly attended the child without having time to consult her mother about the childs medical history(Pera, 2011). The paramedics who had gone to pick the child were professionally insulted since they were not given an opportunity to make any other decision regarding the patient but were to follow the instructions. It got clearly shown that the paramedics would not make any other decision regarding where to drop the patient for admission. The paramedics were denied the right to make their decisions but to solely rely on the instructions from the top management, and this resulted to the dilemma. Similarly, the conflict arose when the nurse on duty decided to hit on the truth after doing the nursing assessment on the infant. During the patients records assessment, the nurse discovered that the infant had a very long medical history which had not been exposed by her mother. The medical history shed light that the patient had earlier on received admission at the tertiary hospital and was on receiving nursing care(Herring, 2014). This made the nurse on duty in the community to raise objections and sought that the patient gets transferred immediately to the tertiary before his condition deteriorates. In the process of the nurse telling the truth about the patients medical history, she forgot the nursing practice standards and exposed the confidential information of the patient. The release of the patients privacy and sensitive information is against the professional code of conduct, and, the nursing and midwifery board of Australia nursing practice standards. As a nurse, she/he was first to offer the necessary nursing care services then privately discuss the matter with the appropriate professionals but not to disagree before the patient's mother publicly(Cook, Mavroudis, Jacobs, Mavroudis, 2015). Such an act totally showed that the nurse had a quite little concern on the patient though what she/he fought for was appropriate for the patient. According to the community nurse, he/she made the right decision though she/he told the truth using inappropriate means. Regardless of the matter of facts brought forward by the nurse on duty, the emergency physician and the pediatric registrar were reluctant to absorb it and instead chose to ignore. The paramedics declined to have the infant transferred since they also felt that they have a duty to care for the child as the health providers medically. Their decision was entirely contradictory to the nurses decision based on the medical history of the patient(Doherty Purtilo, 2015). It was outright wrong to offer nursing care to a patient who had initially not completed the care he was receiving in another hospital. Such raised more concerns to the nurse as to why the infant did not continue receiving the nursing care at the tertiary hospital. The nurse remained firm with the facts until the truth got viewed by the childs mother. The mother showed some sense in the nurses objections and made a decision out of the fact brought forward by the nurse, and she chose to the take her child to the tertiary ho spital. The step adopted by the infants mother seemed to solve the truth-telling versus the confidentiality conflict amongst the nurse and the paramedics. Ethical Theory For the health care providers, the moral ethics employed for the primary practice underscores the key sections of the ethics difficulty vital towards their practice and results in the crucial morally remedy creation as per the principles of the ethical values involved. There exist four broad classes of the moral theory which incorporates the deontology, the utilitarianism, the rights, and the virtue-based ethics. In the case study, the deontology theory would apply well(Beauchamp, 2016). The deontological category of moral values expresses that individuals ought to hold fast to their commitments and obligations when occupied with necessary leadership when morals are in play. Such indicates that a health care provider should commit him/herself to the duties assigned to him/her in assisting the patient or giving back to the immediate community. For example, the deontologist would opt to remain truthful in performing his/her duties. The health care provider that clings to the deontological assumptions would create an exceptionally predictable informed decision because it shall get based on the formulated objectives. In the case scenario, it gets evident that the community nurse declines to take on the duty of another nurse and maintained that the infant should get transferred to the tertiary hospital to continue receiving the nursing care(Kerkoff Hanson, 2015). The nurse believed that it was wrong for her/him to caring for the patient after discovering from the patients medical that the infant care was under someone initially. The nurse stood by the truth and objected since she understood the dire consequences that would arise if the patients health condition deteriorates more than when she was in the tertiary(Rincon Lee, 2015). Although, the nurse had a duty to play in caring for the child the nursing standards and profes sional code of conduct fail to honor admissions that do not follow the right channel like having a referral. Human Dignity and Human Rights Based on the moral codes, the human dignity serves both as a duty and as the human right. The human dignity refers to the due respect that an individual gets accorded and treated as a very special person. It should get well understood that the respect for the human dignity happens to be a necessity for both patients and all the other people(Varcoe, Browne, Cender, 2014). The human dignity is equally a significant aspect that the nurses should consider during the provision of quality nursing care. The delivery of dignity in the health facilities incorporates respect, the compassion, and the sensitivity aspects. In the case study, it seems that the patients dignity gets lowered through the actions of the nurse. At first, the emergency department responds appropriately and fast but later on the nurse worsens things. On discovery that the infant was still under the nursing care of the tertiary hospital, the nurse fails to show any compassion and feeling for the pain that the child would be going but just withdrew her/his services(Organization, 2014). Upon withdrawal of the nursing care to the patient, the nurse stood firm that the patient should get transferred to the tertiary hospital to continue receiving care. In this case, the infant gets denied the right to the access of quality health care services as it gets outlined in the national and the international charters. The Principles of Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Respect for the Patient Autonomy and Social Justice Beneficence involves the action that gets done with the aim of benefiting other people. In the case study, the emergency physician and the pediatric registrar plays their role so as to help the infant but the nurse does the contrary to the principle. The emergency physicians are relied upon to forgo bringing about damage, yet they likewise have a commitment to assist their patients(Spratt, et al., 2015). The ethicists regularly differentiate between the obligatory and the ideal beneficence. The typical value contains extraordinary demonstrations of liberality or endeavors to profit others on every single conceivable event. The principle of non-maleficence requires that the doctors should avoid doing more harm to the patients but instead offer effective treatment without malice practice. As per the case study, the infant fails to get the efficient care from the nurse even after getting admission and undergoing diagnosis. According to this rule, such an act by the nurse seems unfair and not credible though the nurse was subject to the nursing standards of practice(Johnstone Hutchinson, 2015). The nursing rules would not allow her/him to care for a patient who still receives care at another hospital without referral to guarantee permission. Specialists may choose not to offer effective treatment to their clients since for such treatments that have doubts in would lead to hazardous effect. What's more, the emergency physicians and the pediatric registrar in the case scenario involving Patrick Le, they should not hurriedly offer medication without having a consideration on the pharmacological outcome. The principle of the respect for the patient autonomy does not mostly apply in the case study given that the client is very young unable to speak out his mind(Furrow, Greanev, Johnson, Jost, Schwartz, 2014). Furthermore, the tribunals for justice would require that the infant receives the necessary care if possible anywhere regardless of the medical history. National and International Charters The laws enacted both in the national and the international levels all outlines clearly that any person has the guarantee to better health care regardless of the age, race, industrial classification or any other form of discrimination(Moaddab, et al., 2015). In the case study, the laws for the provision of health care to all gets conflicted in that the infant gets denied the right to better nursing care. Conclusion Following the above discussion on Patrick Les case, it is evident that the healthcare provision standards needs to be adhered to strictly. The infant was to receive the equality nursing care as per the national and international charters provision for the right to quality care, but there existed a contradiction in which health facility was responsible. The nurse exposes the privacy and the confidential medical information of the patient and uses it to hit hard on the truth of the matter seeking the transfer of the infant to the tertiary hospital. In the case study, there erupt ethical conflicts amongst the paramedics, nurse, and Sally. Some of the ethical issues include the truth-telling versus the confidentiality and the patient consent versus the professional duty of care. The deontology applies in the circumstantial case as the ethical theory. Finally, there are principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, and social justice applicable in the case scenario. References McLean, S. A. (Ed.). (2016).First do no harm: Law, ethics and healthcare. Routledge. Hemberg, J., Nyman, H., Hemberg, H. (2017). A vision of ethics in efficient occupational healthcare.Nursing Ethics, 0969733016689817.. Pera, S. A. (2011).Ethics in healthcare. Juta and Company Ltd. Herring, J. (2014).Medical law and ethics. Oxford University Press, USA. Cook, T., Mavroudis, C. D., Jacobs, J. P., Mavroudis, C. (2015). Respect for patient autonomy as a medical virtue.Cardiology in the Young,25(08), 1615-1620. Doherty, R. F., Purtilo, R. B. (2015).Ethical dimensions in the health professions. Elsevier Health Sciences. Beauchamp, T. L. (2016). Principlism in Bioethics. InBioethical Decision Making and Argumentation(pp. 1-16). Springer International Publishing. Kerkhoff, T. R., Hanson, S. L. (2015). Applied ethics: Have we lost a crucial opportunity?. Varcoe, C., Browne, A., Cender, L. (2014). Promoting social justice and equity by practicing nursing to address structural inequities and structural violence.Philosophies and practices of emancipatory nursing: Social justice as praxis,11, 266-284. World Health Organization. (2014). Health in all policies: Helsinki statement. Framework for country action. Spratt, T., Nett, J., Bromfield, L., Hietamki, J., Kindler, H., Ponnert, L. (2015). Child protection in Europe: Development of an international cross-comparison model to inform national policies and practices.The British Journal of Social Work,45(5), 1508-1525. Johnstone, M. J., Hutchinson, A. (2015). Moral distresstime to abandon a flawed nursing construct?Nursing ethics,22(1), 5-14. Furrow, B., Greaney, T., Johnson, S., Jost, T., Schwartz, R. (2014).Health law. West Academic. Moaddab, A., McCullough, L. B., Chervenak, F. A., Fox, K. A., Aagaard, K. M., Salmanian, B., ... Shamshirsaz, A. A. (2015). Health care justice and its implications for current policy of a mandatory waiting period for elective tubal sterilization.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,212(6), 736-739. Rincon, F., Lee, K. (2015). Ethical considerations in consenting critically ill patients for bedside clinical care and research.Journal of intensive care medicine,30(3), 141-150. Jonsen, A. R., Siegler, M., Winslade, W. J. (2015).Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine, 8E. McGraw Hill Professional.

Slavery in the United States Essay Example For Students

Slavery in the United States Essay The development and institution of slavery in the United States began when the U.S didn’t even exist. When British colonies where beginning to pop up all over North East America there was a very noticeable problem; too much land and not enough people to work it. In order to work the land as much as possible many wealthy British colonist would pay to have indentured servants come to the new world and in return the indentured servants would work for them for seven years for free. At this time the servant would become free, however many servants died or ran away therefore fewer and fewer Europeans wanted to come to the New World. A very quick and very devastating solution to this was slave labor from Africa. The institution of slavery was supplied with slaves as people who where sentenced to it, kidnapped, and a vast majority where captured in war and put into slavery. Of all the slaves that where shipped into the New World one third would die on the way, and 90% of those would e nd up in countries like Brazil, Cuba, Barbados and Jamaica. In North America the first documented African American slaves arrived in 1640 in Jamestown, approximately 20, and where sold as indentured servants, but an event in the early 1640’s would change that when three indentured servants fled their master and where captured. The two whites had seven years added to their service but the African was enslaved for life. As time goes on, the idea of Ethnocentrism begins to snowball until Africans are stripped of all human rights and become pieces of property. By 1700 most slaves are men, however some women begin to be brought over and self-sustaining supply of slaves begins to emerge. At this time the south begins to develop a Plantation Economy growing staple products such as tobacco, which increases slave labor. Slavery continues on, for almost 100 years, until the Constitution is drawn up in (date). The Constitution, however, reduces democracy and will do more harm for slaves than good. In the years to come the Constitution goes through some major changes, one of these is the 3/5 compromise which counts all slaves as 3/5 of a person in regards to representation of specific states. In January of 1808 Congress bans the importation of Slavery, which is surprisingly tolerable for the South. Southern plantation owners know that slaves are now self-sustaining, however, whites exceed slaves in population in only some parts of the South. All of America knows that slavery will become a reoccurring issue for the Nation but for now the 36 degrees, 30 minutes law states that the North is free of Slavery but the South can continue use of slaves. During this time Nationalism begins to waste away and Sectionalism begins to set in. In the 1840’s the South’s population consisted of a majority of poor whites and of course slaves. In this Paternalistic society a very small amount of the population, maybe 5%, where wealthy plantation owners. Those who where in power treated everyone below them as children, there was a mass delusion that the slave life was a good life for African Americans to live. In the Southern plantation economy slaves where the backbone of every type of cultivation. In the Deep South there is a huge demand for slaves because cotton cultivation skyrockets, during this time living conditions for the slaves worsens and the slaves begin to resist actively and passively. Active resistance seems to be the best strategy but the risk and punishment is very high. The more common type of resistance is passive which was hidden and undetected. In passive resistance slaves would accidentally break tools, over salt food in the kitchen, and would use singing and dancing to convey hidden messages to other slaves. This did not solve the problem though it only reinforced the premonition that slaves where stupid and clumsy. There are several incidents of active resistance, but the most frightening to Southern whites was the revolt of Nat Turner where men, women, and children where killed on a killing spree. The South becomes more and more a closed society because whites become increasingly paranoid over the fear of slave revolts. Whites try to rationalize the Institution of Slavery in many ways. There was the idea of Scientific Slavery, which said that slaves where closer to apes by measuring the shape of their heads to prove that they weren’t very knowledgeable. Southerners also said that being one of their slaves was better than being a wage slave to Northern Factories because Southern slave owners would take care of their slaves into old age and sickness. Another rationalization was that all slaves where to be treated as children because they could not govern themsel ves properly. These same white southerners reacted very quickly to threats made against slavery such as seizing and destroying mail-promoting abolitionism. Southern mobs would beat up, and tar and feather any suspicious Northerners. The Gag Rule also came into play, which meant that between 1834 and 1836 no petitions dealing with slavery would be turned away by (?). Stronger fugitive slave laws where also passed. .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .postImageUrl , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:hover , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:visited , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:active { border:0!important; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:active , .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u762ef60c67d717bf199f085ec4613b3f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetics EssayBibliography:

The Essential Guide For AP Essay Prompt

The Essential Guide For AP Essay PromptIn many colleges, AP Euro exam is compulsory for all students in primary and secondary school. In this essay prompt test, students are required to follow an outline and a step-by-step method with answers provided.The guide of AP Euro is very helpful for students who are looking forward to taking the exam. In fact, it contains sample topics, subject matter and step-by-step instructions to guide students through the entire examination. Students must be conscious about their choices and themes so that they can become familiar with the test material and the details required for the essay prompt test.It includes basic concepts of reading and writing. These are followed by answering a passage or answering a short-answer question. Students are given a short answer to the passage or short-answer question and are required to choose one answer from the two available.Next topic is written on the second page. It requires an answer from students. Students wi ll be asked to provide a source for information to be used in the essay topic. A variety of sources can be used including books, magazines, web sites, encyclopedia, newspaper, blog and many more.Then comes the final examination. Students are given one to three hours to finish the exam. In addition, students must also prepare for the final topic selection. They will have to write two to four sentences to describe the key concepts and describe the details of the paper.The final examination will consist of essays. These must contain facts, reasoning and comparison. The passing grade will be based on the writing. All the essay materials must be read carefully and must be approved by the teacher or supervisor before sending them.So, if you are looking forward to take AP Euro sample essay prompt, start preparing now. Prepare ahead and do not be late as you may lose out on your chance of taking the AP exam!

Bhakti Movement Essay Sample free essay sample

The Bhakti motion is a Hindu spiritual motion in which the chief religious pattern is loving devotedness among the Shaivite and Vaishnava saints. The Bhakti motion originated in ancient Tamil Nadu and began to distribute to the North during the late medieval ages when north India was under Islamic regulation. The Muslim swayers were pressing public to change over faith from Hindu to Islamic. The Bhakti motion was counter to the prevailing caste political orientation which was spliting Hinduism. So. the Bhakti motion has its ain importance to salvage Hinduism. There was no grouping of the mystics into Shaiva and Vaishnava fans as in the South. For all of its history the Bhakti motion co-existed peacefully with the other motions in Hinduism. It was ab initio considered irregular. as it rebelled against caste differentiations and disregarded Brahmanic rites. which harmonizing to Bhakti saints were non necessary for redemption. In the class of clip. We will write a custom essay sample on Bhakti Movement Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page nevertheless. owing to its huge popularity among the multitudes ( and even royal backing ) it became ‘orthodox’ and continues to be one of the most of import manners of spiritual look in modern India. |Rama BhaktiRamananda was the leader of the Bhakti motion concentrating on Rama as God. Very small is known about him. but he is believed to hold lived in the first half of the fifteenth century. He taught that Lord Rama is the supreme Lord. and that redemption could be attained merely through love for and devotedness to him. and through the repeat of his sacred name. Ramananda’s ashram in Varanasi became a powerful centre of spiritual influence. from which his thoughts spread far and broad among all categories of Indians. One of the grounds for his great popularity was that he renounced Sanskrit and used the linguistic communication of the people for the composing of his anthem. This paved the manner for the modern inclination in northern India to compose literary texts in local linguistic communications. Fans of Krishna worship him in different mellows. known as rasas. Two major systems of Krishna worship developed. each with its ain philosophical system. These two systems a re aishwaryamaya Bhakti and madhuryamaya Bhakti. Aishwaryamaya Bhakti is revealed in the residence of Queenss and land of Krishna in Dwaraka. Madhuryamaya Bhakti is revealed in the residence of braja. Therefore Krishna is worshiped harmonizing to the development of devotees’ gustatory sensation in idolizing the Supreme Personality of Godhead ( Krishna ) as male parent. friend. maestro or beloved. Shri Madhvacharya ( 1238–1317 ) born at Pajaka near Udupi advocated Dwait doctrine. He defeated many bookmans in spiritual arguments identified God with Vishnu. His position of world is strictly Manichaean. in that he understood a cardinal distinction between the ultimate Godhead and the single psyche. and the system is hence called Dvaita ( Manichaean ) Vedanta. Madhva is considered one of the most influential theologists in Hindu history. His influence was profound. and he is one of the male parents of the Vaishnava Bhakti motion. Great leaders of the Vaishnava Bhakti motion in Karnataka like Purandara Dasa. Kanaka Dasa. Raghavendra Swami and many others were influenced by Dvaita traditions. Srimanta Sankardeva’s ( 1449–1568 ) propagated his school of idea. called Ekasarana Dharma. in the greater Assam part. An illustration of dasya Bhakti. there is no topographic point for Radha in this tradition. The most of import symbol of this tradition is the namghar or supplication hall. which dot Assam’s landscape. This signifier of worship is really strong in Assam today. and much of the traditions are maintained by the monasteries ( Sattras ) . Vallabhacharya ( 1479–1531 ) called his school of idea Shuddhadvaita. or pure monism. Harmonizing to him. it is by God’s grace entirely that one can obtain release from bondage and attain Krishna’s heaven. This Eden is far above the â€Å"heavens† of Brahma. Vishnu and Shiva. for Krishna is the ageless Brahman. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu ( 1486–1534 ) defined his system of doctrine as Achintya Bheda Abheda ( impossible and coincident unity and difference ) . It synthesizes elements of mon ism and dualism into a individual system. Chaitanya’s doctrine is taught by the modern-day International Society for Krishna Consciousness. or Hare Krishna motion.

Analysis of The Military Strategies of The Campaign of Mantinea essays

Analysis of The Military Strategies of The Campaign of Mantinea essays Analysis Of The Military Strategies Of The Campaign Of Mantinea The Peloponnesian War spanned many, many years in which two main factions, the Spartans and the Athenians, were warring for the domination of Greece along with the many surrounding villages; many with their own agendas. I will be doing an analysis of one particular campaign; the campaign of Mantinea fought in the year 362 B.C.E. To do this I first must bring to light some of the key players in this campaign, especially Epaminondas. Epaminondas, a Theban general, was charged with the task to make the Peloponnese as weak as possible so they may overtake it with the least resistance. To do this the Thebans must play both sides of the war. The Thebans were supposedly allied with the Spartans but in those times that mattered little, treaties were broke and regained on a daily basis. Epaminondas had with him all the Boeotians, the Euboeans and many of the Thessalians; and while the Phocians were bound by treaty to assist the Thebans they found no reasoning in the treaty to justify them assisting with a foreign invasion. This was of little concern to Epaminondas seeing as once they were in the Peloponesse they had the help of the Argives, Messenians, the Tegeans, the Megalopolitans, the Aseans, and the Pallantians. (Xenophon. 396-397) Knowing he had the support of many factions, Epaminondas sped away into Peloponnese. He made it as far as Nemea and decided that this was the only way the Athenian army could come to invade Peloponnese. He assumed any loss to the Athenians would ultimately benefit Thebes and rally his allies and discourage those of the Athenians. Unbeknownst to him the forces opposing Thebes were gathering at Mantinea. Epaminondas' choice to use Nemea, as a striking point to wound the Athenians, was well justified but his intelligence was slow. The Athenians had decided instead of marching to Peloponnese they would sail into the gulf of Argolis...

Motivation College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation College - Essay Example At the same time, people represent the highest single cost figure, they also are considered to be the most unpredictable, difficult to control, and they are by far the one critical factor that nothing much can be done about. Much of the industry have turned its energies to solving more technical issues and has turned away from dealing with human factors as the primary key to improving profit. (Gerry, 45-57) Motivation is the key factor in influencing humans to work better, so an increase in motivation will result in higher productivity and more profit, which is the ultimate goal of the construction industry. Understanding and having knowledge about motivation theories can help to create a motivational atmosphere, and application of these theories can result in achieving higher productivity. The leadership style of a manager has a lot of influence on the motivation of workers. Construction is still considered as a tough guys business. Most construction managers and supervisors consider a democratic leadership style as a weakness. However, research has proved that democratic supervisors have achieved higher performance and better results than any other leadership style. (Iain, 78-85) Motivation is defined as, "a person's active participation in and commitment to achieving the prescribed results". (Gerry, 45-57) The concept of motivation is somewhat abstract, different strategies produce different result at different times, and there is no single strategy can produce guaranteed favorable results all the time. One of the difficulties in motivating workers is that they all are different and react differently to the same kind of change or action. Many motivation researchers agreed that managers can create a positive motivational atmosphere that can help in motivating workers for higher productivity, but they will likely not motivate everyone, because everyone is motivated by different things. Most companies are looking into ways to improve efficiency, productivity, and quality. The question is how to make workers work more productively This is a question of fundamental importance to any manager. The answer to this question is both complex and vague. Flannes and Levi n (2001) explained it by saying, "the project manager must effectively and comfortably wear many different hats when leading a project". (Levin, 2001) A construction manager's job is to get work done by the workforce. The construction manager's leadership style has a significant role in workforce motivation. Researchers have identified the major leadership styles as, laissez-faire, democratic, and autocratic. According to behavioral scientists, the democratic leadership style has achieved higher productivity and effectiveness. Concept of Motivation Concepts of motivation are somewhat abstract. To analyze factors that influence motivation, five motivation theories will be discussed in detail in this paper. Figure 1 shows a conceptual model of motivation. (Gerry, 45-57) At point A, a person has needs and tries to fulfill those needs. At point B, the person finds the sources of fulfilling those needs. At point C, he engages or motivates himself to achieve tasks to fulfill his needs. At point D, once he achieves his goal, new needs or variations of those original needs will be

3-5 minute speech outline (any topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3-5 minute speech outline (any topic) - Essay Example This increases efficiency and saves on time in business transactions (USTR, 2010). In 2007, SMEs contributed $480 billion value of goods and services sold in the foreign market (USTR, 2010). This amounted to approximately 41% of the total exports that year (USTR, 2010). SMES account for nearly 40% of the export related jobs in the US (USTR, 2010). This further shows the importance of SMEs in trade and the economy. There are trade barriers that adversely affect performance of SMES. First, there are discriminatory policies with regards to SMEs. For instance, they may lack the financial resources and expertise to compete in international markets. Second, SMEs are faced by higher taxes as they contribute largely to the manufacturing industry (USTR, 2010). Third, they encounter challenges in standards and certification through licensing and inadequate property protection. In a nutshell, SMEs play a vital role in domestic and foreign trade. The government should therefore review the policies governing them to promote their growth and development for greater benefit of intensified