Is Divorce Bad for Children

Jasmine Grayson October 7, 2010 American Literature Is Divorce Always Bad For Children? To some, divorce may be a terrible thing for a child to have to endure. In some scenarios it is just better if the parents are separated. There is no better way to approach this subject than to talk from personal experience. I’ll explain how it feels to be a child in the middle of a divorce. My mother and father were together for seventeen years and they just recently decided to get a divorce. Under the circumstances I don’t feel bad they there are now separated.Growing up the only thoughts I had of my dad were either him being abusive or of him yelling. Another memory of my dad is the fact he cheated on my mom multiple times not making him seem any better. Due to the fact my father struggled with his health my mother forgave him for it all. To begin, as stated by PBS, when children are in an abusive home they are more susceptible to either being abusive or being abused and feeling t hat there is no way out. If the parents in an abusive relationship separate then the child(ren) are given a site of love.They are able to see how a family is supposed to react and communicate. They are able to see what real love looks and feels like. If parents in an abusive relation stay together their children will only know violence. They will only know sadness and when it’s time for them to marry they’ll divorce because they’ll think that’s how it’s supposed to go. Consider this, a child has one parent that understands and the other is strict. The child naturally gravitates to the understanding parent because they know the understanding parent is more responsive.When you have a strict parent who doesn’t understand, it usually leads to a child divorcing the parent before the spouse will. When a child divorces its parent the child doesn’t listen or respect their parent. In my case the divorce wasn’t bad at all. Growing up my mother basically did everything for me. Since me and my father never really talked we never had a strong relationship. When my parents decided to get divorce it was paradise for me. Living with my father is like walking on pins and needles barefoot. My dad only yelled and told me and my brother what to do.If you didn’t do something the exact way he wanted it then you had to re-do it all. Dealing with him was like biting into a plastic bottle because you knew he would never break. I was a ticking bomb waiting to explode and one day I did. One night I’d been so fed up I let out all my anger I’d bottled up for the past fifteen years. It felt like I’d exhaled a breath and my chest wasn’t clouded anymore. A few weeks after the argument my mom announced the news of the divorce. Ever since my dad moved out, I’ve been happier than ever.Now I don’t have to worry about coming to home to someone yelling. Had my parents stayed together I don†™t think I would’ve started back doing the things I like; singing, dancing, and playing the piano. If parents continue to stay together for the sack of their kids they’ll make themselves unhappy. Some parents will be shocked to realize that their child wanted the divorce longer than they did. While the other parents will face their children who want them to stay together. It all depends on the children and what they’ve been through.

A King’s Collapse

A King's Collapse Unfortunately, in about every person's life either a tragic event or a series of tragic events can be found and in some cases more than others. To many people a tragic hero could be defined as someone who performs a heroic act, but dies in the process. Nevertheless, this statement is wrong, but instead a tragic hero needs five elements. To be a tragic hero one would need noble stature, a tragic flaw, free choice, excessive punishment and increased awareness. When discussing the play Antigone, a perfect example of a tragic hero would be Creon.Though many people might argue Antigone to be the tragic hero, but she is missing the element of increased awareness. Imagine finding out that your father married your grandma and your brothers killed each other over power. Then your uncle steps in to be king and declares that one of your brothers will get no burial because he was a trader. This information starts off a tragic play called Antigone. In the play, Creon must have n oble stature in order to be the tragic hero. One way Creon has noble stature is that he is the king which gives him power over the people.Antigone voiced this when she told Creon, â€Å"They share my views, but they keep their mouths shut just for you. † (Sophocles 12) Even though Antigone was telling Creon that his people did not share his views, what she said showed that Creon still had power over them. Another two ways Creon has noble stature are that he creates the laws and Creon's decisions affects everyone. This is shown when Creon states, â€Å"It's impossible/ to really know a man, to know his soul,/ his mind and will before one witnesses/ his skill in governing and making laws. (L 198-201) This statement shows that Creon thinks everyone knows him because he is the one governing and making the laws. Creon may be the king of the Thebes, but Creon does have a tragic flaw. Flaws can be found in every single person that has lived either in the past, present or will live in the future. Though there are many people, like Creon, who believe that they have no flaws. This was just a side affect of Creon's tragic flaw which was excessive pride. Creon's excessive pride leads him to not taking any sort of advice from anyone, especially women.This is shown when Antigone tried persuading Creon and Creon replied with, â€Å"No woman's going to govern me- no, no- not while I'm still alive. † (L 599-600) This not only shows his excessive pride, but also that he has absolutly no respect for women. Creon may have especially not listened to women, but he had the same communication level with everyone else, too. This is proven when the chorus leader tries reasoning with him then finally tells him, â€Å"Old man you're like archers shooting at me. † (L 1149) This states that Creon had excessive pride, but he also was persistent and stubborn.Creon may of had excessive pride as his tragic flaw, but he also had the free choice when making his decisions. W ith both Creon's excessive pride and him being the King of Thebes, he created a proclamation. This is one of the many unfortunate events that lead up to the tragic ending in Antigone. With this proclamation Creon was very forceful when making sure everyone knew it and the consequences they would apprehend if broken. Ismene restates, â€Å"For Creon this matter's really serious. / Anyone who acts against the order/ will be stoned to death before the city. (L 41-43) This was the punishment for anyone who would betray him by breaking the proclamation which showed he had his own free choice on what the punishment would be. He also had the free choice on who to forgive and who to punish. This was shown when Creon claims, â€Å"An enemy/ can never be a friend, not even in death. † (L 598-599) When Creon says this it shows everyone that Creon has no respect for traitors at all and they will be punished no matter who they are. Creon's noble stature, tragic flaw and free choices have all lead up to Creon's excessive punishment.To be completely truthful excessive punishment could be a lot of different things, but the most common one is probably death. Though in Antigone death is not Creon's excessive punishment. Instead, Creon's excessive punishment for everything he had done was the loss of his son and wife. In Antigone, Creon had changed his mind about his actions and went to go fix them, but in the end he still lost his wife and son. Creon made it clear that he was going to fix things by saying, â€Å"Alas- it's difficult. But I'll give up. I'll not do what I'd set my heart upon. / It's not right to fight against necessity. † (L 1236-1238) This shows that Creon was finally persuaded into not killing Antigone and burying Polyneices. Creon may of finally changed his mind, but he was too late to save anyone from death. Then after Antigone, his son and his wife he finally admits, â€Å"I killed you, my son, without intending to,/ and you as well, my wife. How useless I am now. † (L 1479-1480) This statement shows exactly what Creon's excessive punishment was which included losing his family.Creon's actions and his excessive punishment lead to his increased awareness of what he had done and the consequences he would now have to face because of them. The last element one needs to inquire before being classified as a tragic hero concludes to be increased awareness. Through all Creon had done, in the end, he finally realized that he should not have been so selfish nor stubborn. Creon lastly voiced the truth as he stated, â€Å"A las for me†¦ The guilt for all this is mine-/†¦ I, and I alone†¦ / I murdered you†¦ I speak the truth. (1463, 1465-1466) This comes to show that Creon comprehended that even though his son and wife killed themselves, he still was the reason in which they killed themselves. For any one person, with is awareness that you comprehend there has to be guilt that follows. His regret is stated as, â€Å"Oh the profanity of what I planned. / Alas, my son, you died so young-/ not your own foolishness but mine. † (L 1410-1412) In this quote it explain not only that Creon made mistakes or that he regrets it, but it also shows that Creon realizes that he made foolish mistakes that he would expect someone much inexperienced to make.Mix this five elements: noble stature, tragic flaw, free choice, excessive punishment, and increased awareness together and one would result with a tragic hero. Since almost everyone in the world has exprienced or seen some type of either tragic event or a series of tragic events in their lifetime it can be concluded that each person has their own definition of a tragic event. In many cases the established definition can be dependent on how severe the tragic event happens to be. The same thing happens when defining what a tragic hero consists of being.The correct difinition for what one needs to be a tragic hero states that a person should ne ed five elements: noble stature, a tragic flaw, free choice, excessive punishment, and increased awareness. Creon from the tragic play Antigone could be cosidered to be a perfect example of a tragic hero. Now many people might beg to differ that Antigone is the real play, but in all actuality Antigone missed one of the elements in the play. The element that allowed Creon tone the tragic hero instead of Antigone was that Antigone had no increased awareness in the end.

Proposal of analyzing Hershey's stock price and this firm Essay

Proposal of analyzing Hershey's stock price and this firm - Essay Example Using the results of the following report, my recommendation will be to invest into the Hershey stocks, as the company’s performance in the industry is commendable as well as its stock’s performance. After thoroughly analyzing the stocks of Hershey Company, I would note that the company has a potential for a continued appreciation for the value of its stock price in the stock market. However, my analyst recommendation in overall would be a buy of the shares and not a strong purchse for the stocks of the company. The reason for this is due to the rapid increase in the company’s share price and a relatively high P/E ratio. My recommendations based on my review of the company’s financial indicators, its opportunities for future growth and its comparison to the main competitors in the field (Fridson, Martin and Fernando 75). A detailed analysis that led to the drawing of my conclusion is as discussed in the report below. Brief description of Hershey Company Th e Hershey Chocolate Company is a US-based firm that is incorporated according to the laws of the State of Delaware. However, the company was founded in 1894 by Milton S. Hershey. Since that time, the company has remained as the leading manufacturer of chocolates and other sugary confectionaries, and has a marketing base of about 42.5% in North America. The company has several wholly-owned subsidiaries and entities to which it has a major controlling interest. This company is also the major and largest producer of superiority chocolate in North America and leads globally in chocolate and sugar confectionery production. The company functions as a single reportable segment in the manufacture, marketing, sale and distribution of the products under various brand names. The company is founded on the basis and principles of returning back to the community in which it operates in through corporate social responsibility (Brigham, Eugene and Michael 120). The amount of revenue that the compan y generates equals nearly to $6billion annually and has a current employment base of about 14,000 employees across all its subsidiaries. Over the years, the company has portrayed consistency in its growth patterns both in terms of market share and the market holdings. It has accumulated a large amount of wealth which have seen it trade perfectly in the stock market. Through this, the company has been able to earn itself a positive image and reputation both nationally and internationally following the various innovation programmes it has invested into. One such innovation programme is that of the ‘Innovative Cocoa – Link Mobile Technology Programme’ that was so far expanded to Cote d’Ivoire in May 2013. However, the company’s growth is expected to continue as a result of the announcement that it will price $250million, 2.625% notes by the year 2023. Recent developments in Hershey In the recent past, Hershey Co. has had several developments that have been witnessed through acquisitions of other small firms thus, turning them into its subsidiaries. For instance, in the year 1996, Hershey purchased the operations of America in Leaf Candy Company. In 1999, the company diversified and divested its Pasta group into several equity partners in a bid to form the New World Pasta Co. currently known as Ebro Foods. In 2002, the public became aware of the intention of Hershey Trust Foundation that was seeking to sell its

Voice-overs and Flashback in Film Noir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voice-overs and Flashback in Film Noir - Essay Example One of the stylistic features common to many noir films is the use of extraordinary narrative devices like voice-overs and flashback sequences. These structural elements are included to underscore or otherwise complement thematic elements of the film. Flashbacks too became an effective medium of remembering and recreating the past, another significant activity in psychoanalytic practice. Apart from the psychological dimension, voice-overs could also be used to emphasize the eerie or dark tone of noir films. With the right tone, the narratorial voice could easily intensify the feeling of doom and generally dark settings of the typical noir film. Flashbacks were also useful in creating suspense or experimenting with the narrative flow, allowing for creative use of plot. This paper will seek to further explore the role played by these two specific stylistic devices with reference to three films: Double Indemnity (1944), The Big Sleep (1946) and D.O.A (1950). Double Indemnity has a simil ar opening to D.O.A with the film starting in medias res to reveal a harassed-looking William Neff enter his office room and begin recording his ‘confession’ addressed to Keyes on his Dictaphone.. The confession triggers off the flashback which presumably will explain the events that lead up to the murder that Neff has just confessed to. Interestingly, just a few minutes into this flashback and the confession of Neff also appears as a voice-over superimposed over the past retelling of events. This film employs both devices then, to build-up its atmosphere. The first of the flashbacks serves to describe what can already be seen on the screen, but with added detail like how the room smelled and how the sunlight made the dust visible. More importantly, it allows access to Neff’s mind and his initial impressions of Phyllis Dietrichson. This voice-over and the next also let the audience know the level of engagement with the crime that Neff had at the beginning and how the plan to murder Dietrichson is initiated entirely by his wife. However, the voice-over that marks the return of the narrative from the past back into the present, with Neff still at the Dictaphone, reveals to the audience that Neff too had been thinking about committing murder since as an insurance agent he believes: ‘In this business you can’t sleep for trying to figure out all the tricks they could pull on you.’ Other than tell us about who did what in the murder plot, the voice-overs also give us significant insight into the criminal’s mind – in this case, Walter Neff’s. As said in the introduction, this was a period of great faith in Freudian psychoanalysis and the idea of exploring one’s sub-conscious was quite popular. The Dictaphone-taped ‘confession’ acts as catharsis for expunging guilt. This is especially evident when Walter says that although he knew everything had gone off perfectly he still felt that it co uld all go wrong. He claims to not be able to hear his own footsteps; that he was walking like a ‘dead man.’ This is a classic instance of the psychoanalytic notion of guilt becoming the driving force behind a person’s actions and being the ultimate reason for that person to give himself or herself up. The Big Sleep does not use either voiceovers or flashbacks but there are several silences in the plot where Marlowe is seen tailing or waiting for action to happen, which act as narrative ‘fillers’. Insights into Marlowe’s psyche are not spoken or recounted as clearly as in Double Indemnity but as Marlowe’s character is sketched out to be hard-boiled but honest, what he says in sincerity can be taken by the audience to be true. For instance,

Implementing renewable energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Implementing renewable energy - Essay Example In this context, renewable energy sources provide a way to overcome the threat of energy security and global warming. Common renewable energy sources available are solar and wind power. These energy sources provide clean energy that is non-polluting, the energy source is free and it will never be depleted (ECI, 2011). The UK government wants to develop this energy source as a viable and active contributor to the economy. However, developing and using these free energy sources is not very easy and a number of challenges and barriers need to be overcome. These challenges include technical, social and financial challenges (Scottish Power, 2004). This paper will examine renewable energy sources in this context and suggest solutions to overcome the challenges. 2. FIT and other renewable energy Schemes initiated by the UK government The UK government has undertaken a few projects to meet its obligations of reducing green house gases. As per the Kyoto protocols, a signatory to the protocols and this includes UK, have agreed to cut down their emissions to pre 1990 levels. UK faces a huge problem of reducing the carbon levels and emissions since it mostly relies on coal fired power plants and nuclear plants for power generation. For 2006, the total amount of Green House Gases - GHG emitted in UK was the equivalent of 7,076 million metric tons of CO2. It is estimated that from these emissions about 2344 Teragrams were due to CO2 emissions from the activities of standard and old electricity power grids (SmartGrid GB, 2012). Other than nuclear power, all other systems and plants generate excessive carbon. Domestic and household consumption in UK makes up for 60% of the power used while other users such as industries, utilities, offices and infrastructure consume the rest. Automobiles account for more than 75% of fossil fuel consumption (Williams, 2010). To promote the use of green and clean energy systems, the UK government has initiated a project that funds and supports s olar energy by residential homes (Bullis, 2012). The proposal is called ‘Feed In Tariff – FIT’. This project involves encouraging households to install small solar panels with solar PV that can generate electricity. The Department of Clean Energy of the UK government has provided a number of subsidies, concessions and other benefits to householders who install these units. The UK government plans to buy back the power generated from these units and give tax breaks or a reduction in the regular utility power consumed by the householders (Lewis, 2006; Lock, 2007). There are different categories of FIT users and this depends on the amount of installed capacity of the plants. The installed capacity in UK for solar energy was 1000 Mega Watts and this is about 0.001% of the UK power requirements. With the FIT program, the government wants to provide solar PV to around four million homes and this should help to generate 22,000 MW of clean energy. As per the Kyoto protoc ols, the UK government must generate at least 12% of the total power consumed by means of renewable energy (EPIA, 2011). The above sections have highlighted the ambitious program of UK government to meet the clean

Evaluation of the patnership council in nottingham Essay

Evaluation of the patnership council in nottingham - Essay Example The energy squad is on the progress of the Eco house that has been built with expensive technology funded by "partnership council" is demonstrating and teaching cost-effective, environmental DIY (do-it-yourself) (Joaana, 2014; pg. 23). The council offers training on how to save on water metered bills and energy with the aim of reducing household costs and fuel bills in a collective environmental change towards the British Government’s plan of reducing fuel misuse and carbon emission by 80% by 2050. Additionally, using permaculture techniques, the council has enabled people to grow food in small-recycled containers. The use of the containers help in averting environmental degradation, and the food has significantly improved food security in the GN 7 area. Green grants offered by volunteers have ominously assisted inhabitants of GN 7 to increase their food productivity while contributing to the greater objective of conserving the environment especially the depleted neighborhoods. The council also exists to identify and recognize exclusive programs of brilliance and inspire the replication of model programs that help in fuel saving and/or increase in food production throughout the NG 7 region (Joaana, 2014; pg. 34). It has magnificently used its meager funds, mostly from donations, to support such programs and ensure that the society outstandingly reap from the healthy projects. It has fostered creativity in services that support a ‘livable community.’ Moreover, the council has also participated actively in identifying the shifting needs and preferences of the population. It maintains a good relationship with the residents to identify their worries and hopes and turn the hopes and/or anticipations into veracities. Through initiation of several programs that increase food productivity, the council has made significant changes

Policy Process Theories Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policy Process Theories - Coursework Example Corporate Managers should actively show their support for managing these incidents effectively. Monitoring ensures that the policy in question being implemented is done so effectively. The parties involved will be required to make a decision on how the policy should be checked. The steps to be followed involves: who will do the monitoring? How will one will be able to know whether the system is effective? What does one desire to know and whom will you consult? What data will be used and for how long will it be used. It significance to consider how to maintain the policy lively. At the same come up with the strategies on how new pupils, staff, governors and parents should be made aware (Gornitzka, Kogan,& Amaral,2005). Evaluation can be done through the use of approved data and by consulting some pupils, staff, governors and parents. Results will not always be constant since decline will not often be revealed. Hence, there is need of application of both quantitative and qualitative data. Another theory that could be used is bureaucratic policy approach. This is where the policies are made with those empowered to so by the authority. The psychological distance enables the superiors to make a decision (Edelkamp & Schrödl 2012). Contrary, the theory seems to be rigid since predetermined procedure and process have to be adhered to. Worse still, it only advocates for overreliance on formal control (Gornitzka, Kogan,& Amaral,2005). One of the best methods to solve the complex phenomena is through the use of theories. Theories help organize and describe the complexity. Therefore, policy process researchers should know and understand as well is capable of applying adverse analytical methods that are available to

The Impact of Employee Participation for Transparency in the Hiring Assignment

The Impact of Employee Participation for Transparency in the Hiring and Promotion Process of Public Agencies - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that the problem is that many public agencies are not being transparent in their hiring and promotion practices, and they are not seeking out adequate levels of employee participation throughout the process. The process of hiring and promoting employees is certainly an exercise that takes place almost daily in large institutions, companies, and organization of various sorts. Without transparency and a level of employee participation throughout the process, however, it is often difficult to get rank and file staff members to truly commit and buy into the true vision of the organization. Oddly enough, this is a problem that continues to persist despite numerous attempts to rectify the situation and create more transparency and opportunities for participation on the part of everyone in the organization. Much work still needs to be done in order to shore up the hiring and promotion process, particularly in public service agencies, in order to r educe incidences of hiring and promotion the wrong individual for important positions within the organization. Judging from the fact that the degree of inefficiency continues to persist, not necessarily because of an absence of a sound recruitment strategy, but as a result of the failure of existing strategies, the simple indication that it sends is that it is important to change the processes and methods involved in tackling the situation. The major problem, therefore, has to do with the failed attempt to identify the right approach or method in tackling recruitment in various organizations, most commonly as a result of a lack of transparency throughout the hiring and promotion process.

Write about three things you are an authority on Essay

Write about three things you are an authority on - Essay Example It also teaches us to put our trust in Allah regarding our familial and community relationships so that we could live peacefully with everybody. As one who has been raised in a highly technological environment, I could also say that I am well versed with the internet. The internet is currently the most popular medium used by people around the world to communicate. Where there is a computer and internet connection, one can learn about a lot of things about people one never met or places he never visited. The internet is an awesome discovery that very important because aside from the information, it also provides easier communication through social networking sites such as twitter and facebook. Moreover, it provides people entertainment such as video games. I, for one, play a lot of video games because it releases stress. I enjoy playing with my friends because it is one form of communication for us and it also serves as a common ground for us which we use to create closer relationships. When one has a computer and internet connection, it is easy to find games online and enjoy one’s

Psychology of nature and nurture debate Essay Example for Free

Psychology of nature and nurture debate Essay The nature and nurture debate investigates the importance of individual natural characteristics and personal experience in explaining the causes in difference in physical behavior. Then the question is; is nature more influential than nurture or vice versa. The debate explains that some behavioral traits are acquired naturally while others are acquired from experience. Physical characteristics are known to be hereditary while individual’s behavior and personality is genetic. The debate has never created boundaries yet on what within us is described by the DNA and what part is through life experience, though it’s obvious that both play great roles in molding us. The nature theory of human development states that the way people behave and think is due to genetic hereditary while the nurture theory according to scientist, the way people think and behave is as result of education; they were are trained to do. Both the theories are correct in explaining the development of human beings; â€Å"nature provides us with inborn traits and abilities and nurture takes the genetic tendencies and molds them as people learn and mature†(Fausto, 1992 p, 269). This is not the end of debate but scientists are ever trying to determine what percentage of we is molded by genes and how much by environment. Biological explanations associate human behavior with â€Å"brain structure hormones or genes†. Development of brain structure is influenced by hormones which are instructed by genes, hence our behavior are genetically molded. In some senses the exact opposite of biological essentialism is the notion that the individual is a vessel waiting for culture and environment to fill it† (Dyer, 1977 p, 330). Socialist believes that human conduct is social in origin, that is individuals learn everything from environment as they mature. Gender difference is due to training and social forces with only sex difference being inborn. Gender difference is the biological and physiological aspects of males and female that makes each group distinct from the other in all species. The gender difference in human beings could be as result of nature or environmental influence (nurture). Every time a baby is born, everybody would ask whether, a boy or a girl. This is to say that gender difference is evidenced from birth. The biological difference is associated with nature while the physiological difference in male and female is attributed to nurture. Psychologists believe that gender is influenced by environment; the way our parent, friends and relative treats us. â€Å"Our gender is consequences of the nurture we receive as children† (Deaux, 1993 p, 126). Some human attributes are nature created (physical body), others are due to nurture (naming people) while others are either natural or environmentally caused. Many theories explain differently on the causes of the difference between women and men. Evolutionary theory of sex suggests that the gender difference has long way ranging from generation inheritance and environmental variability. The gender theory advocates that boys and girls grown in different families and cultures thus they learn much on behaviors and attitude from their families and society, hence gender difference are outcome of socialization. Therefore we can conclude that gender difference is partially due to nature and to some extend environmentally instigated. From biblical readings, we learn that gender difference is God’s creation since he created a man and a woman in his likeness. Some feminist believe that gender difference is as result of discrimination of society against the female gender. Over time women have been oppressed, discriminated and harassed in many cultures. Men and women differ from each other in skills behavior and attitudes. Most cultures have molded men and women in different forms with some cultures viewing men being great than women although this views are changing with socialization. Gender difference, is evidenced as people mature and grow under various environments. Various studies show that there in greater difference between men and women in places of work, abilities and adaptations to situations. You will find that in schools boys are better than girls in certain subjects such mathematics. Researchers believe this is due to ability of student but not gender issues as it is thought to be. According to sociologist men are more aggressive, physically strong and are more likely to take risks than women. As result of men risk taking tendency you will find that their jobs are more risky than those of women. â€Å"Men are more aggression than women† (Secherpr Constantine, 1993) and men are likely to show their aggression physically than women. Some researches show that women are also aggressive but tend to show their aggression in less physical ways. In most case you find that more men are convicted in crimes especially crime with violence than women. In communication men tend to talk less in public than women. Men are shy when it comes to talking g while facing each other; that is, men to men and women to women perspective. It has been generalized that women are; emotionally expressive and responsive, more sensible to others feelings and pay a lot of attention on their bodies. Women also express more love, fear and sadness, laugh and smile more and â€Å"anticipate negative consequences for expressing hunger† (Kreeger, 2000 p, 25). On other hand men have been generalized to; express more anger, control their feelings and try to content with their feelings. Many studies have been carried out on gender difference when expressing emotions in different cultures. The difference according to many is attributed to different â€Å"social roles that women and men play in their society† (Maccoby Jacklin, 1974), status and power each group hold in their cultures. â€Å"Popular stereotype has it that women are more emotional than men† (Lippa, 2005 p, 24). Emotions people express is usually due to their relationship and interactions. Men and women tend to express varying degrees of emotions when under certain situation. Male players’ displays more masculine emotions while female players express feminine emotions† (Shields, 2000 p, 4). Women are more likely to identify others emotions fast than men. Researchers suggest that, this woman ability is more innate than caused by socialization. â€Å"Women are more accurate than men in judging emotions meaning from nonverbal cues than men† (Lippa, 2005). Nonverbal expressions include looking on eyes, lips and eyebrows. Some scientists believe this difference is due to biological explanations while others suggest it as result of organizations of roles in the society. In fact, many researches finds have found very small differences† (Deaux, 1993 p, 126). Our bodies display many biological differences in mind both in metabolism and genetic expressions. Again it’s true that there is great difference between men and women in modern society, therefore these differences should not be basis for isolation of certain group. Even though, there exist gender difference in our societies every woman is expected to behave like woman and men as men.

Impact of Inflation and Real Wages on Labor Productivity

Impact of Inflation and Real Wages on Labor Productivity 1.1 Overview The study attempts to determine the relationship between inflation, real wages and labor productivity. Inflation is an increase in the average level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time, not a change in any specific price. When the general price level rises; each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Output is the amount of goods and services by a firm, industry, or country. For output variable the index of value added is used. Nominal wages are the Average Annual Earning in Perennial Industries. Real wages are the wages that have been adjusted for inflation. Real wages are obtained by deflating the nominal wage index by the consumer price index (CPI). 1.2 Problem Statement The objective of the study is to find out the impact of Inflation Real wages on Labor Productivity. 1.3 Hypotheses H1. There is an Impact of Inflation on Labor productivity H2. There is an Impact of time on Labor productivity H3. There is an Impact of Real wages on Labor productivity H4. There is an Impact of time on Real wages. 1.4 Outline of the study The scope of this research was to find out the impact of inflation and real wage on labor productivity. The data was collected from state bank of Pakistan and through various websites. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REWIEW Malik and Ahmed, (2001) studied that Information on income levels was essential in evaluating the living standards and conditions of work and life of the employees. Since nominal income failed to explain the purchasing power of employees, real income was considered as a major indicator of employees purchasing power and was used as proxy for employees level of income. Any variation in the real wage rate had a significant impact on poverty and the distribution of income. When used in relation with other economic variables, for instance employment or output they were valuable indicators in the analysis of business cycles. The aim of the adjustment program was to increase national income or output in such a way that it resulted in fair distribution of wealth. That was, the two objectives of enhanced growth and reduced poverty were being followed through more efficient use of resources and policy instruments like exchange rates adjustment, monetary and fiscal policies, and banking sector reforms to improve cash-flow position (Irfan, 2008). The relationship between real wages and output was intricate and also inconclusive. Regardless of the truth, which method of estimation was used or which deflator was used for the real earnings the results remained the same. Only different time periods (for the manufacturing sector) have changed the cyclical nature of the real earnings. For the manufacturing sector the real earnings had turned out to be counter-cyclical. While for agriculture, transport and communication, construction and the overall economy real earnings is pro-cyclical, i.e., real earnings tend to increase with economic growth and increases in real earnings rate tend to reduce poverty. Its the other way round in the manufacturing sector. Its important to mention here that the measure of nominal earnings used for manufacturing was different from the measure used for other sectors and the overall economy (Irfan, 2008). Productivity was the fundamental determinant of distinction in living standards, often measured as GDP per capita, across countries and across regions within a country. Over a longer term, productivity growth was the only way to sustain improvements in living standards or quality of life (Krugman 1994). It provided the economic base for investment in education, environmental improvement, health, infrastructure, poverty reduction, and social security. In addition, it was a key determinant of international competitiveness. Given its importance, improving productivity had become an essential national agenda for many countries. That had led to an emphasis on understanding factors that lead to higher, or lower, productivity growth in both research and strategy (Tang and Wang, 2004). Individual industrial contributions to cumulative labor productivity increase, which often requires decomposing cumulative labor productivity increase into industrial components. When real output was additive, that is, the cumulative real output was equal to the sum of the real outputs of its industries, the decomposition was straight forward. The only problem was that the decomposition was susceptible to the choice of base year. In other words, an industrial contribution calculated based on base year t was different from that based on base year s. That takes places because output prices change over time at different paces across industries. (Tang and Wang, 2004) It was usually expected that industries with high productivity growth and thus declining real output prices attract demand and accordingly increase employment shares. Why do the observed facts in the two countries run against this expectation? One possible explanation was that income effects had reduced the demand for manufactures, which broadly speaking became a satisfied market whereas the expansion, especially of personal service, suffered from rising relative prices (ten Raa and Schettkat, 2001). Another possible explanation was that increased female labor force contribution resulted in a substitution of market purchased served for home produced services (Grubel and Walker, 1989). An industrys input from an increase in relative size to aggregate labor productivity growth could be wellbeing improving or reducing, depending on its causes. For example, if an increase in the real output price of an industry hence an increase in its relative size was caused by an increase in demand for the output of the industry (an upward shift in the output demand curve), then it was wellbeing enhancing, because it increased both consumer and producer surpluses. On the other hand, if an increase in real output price was caused by a decrease in output supply (e.g., due to a natural disaster) or an upward move in the output supply curve (e.g., due to an increase in production costs from events such as real earnings increases), then it was wellbeing reducing, because it reduces both consumer and producer surpluses. Thus, from a wellbeing perspective, failure to report for the causes of change in relative size could create a confusing perception of an industrys contribution to aggreg ate labor productivity (Tang and Wang, 2004). Taylor (1990) found that the value of productivity in an open economy was distributed among at least three parties: Profit recipients, workers and the rest of the world. There are two key nominal prices: the exchange rate, which is established by policy, and the money wage, which follows from institutional considerations. A change in one with the other constant is bound to have effects on distribution and productivity, by changing the profit share, the real wage or the real exchange rate. In an open economy in which non-competitive intermediate imports were an important component of cost, currency devaluation derived up prices and reduced the real earnings. Output reduction could easily follow if exports were not strongly elastic to exchange rate changes. When devaluation is contractionary, then money earnings increases make output to go up. Under such circumstances, a successful tight money policy that derived down nominal earnings to ratify the equation of exchange reduced output and improved the trade account. The reduction had been offset by fiscal growth, but in an orthodox stabilization attempt that has been a strange move. (Taylor, 1990) Prices did not rise before the earnings demands had been made and accepted: in a large segment of a modern economy prices were administered ones. Thus in these segments excess of demand evident itself in deficiency rather than in a rise of prices, as the over riding objective of maximizing profits over time (and the fear of price wars) keep oligopolistic competitors from meeting excess demand by increasing prices to the short-run maximum. Thus there were always un-liquidated monopoly increases which permit earnings increases (and which would be taken once a general increase of costs reduces the inhibition against raising prices (Balogh, 1958). A detailed analysis of production, productivity, earnings and prices, both in domestic and in international dealings, irresistibly and increasingly leads away from the explanation of the continuous raise in current prices here and somewhere else by the excess of money demand, and in particular by the raise in the volume of money. Separately no entrepreneur could grant wage increases as it was difficult to bypass the addition to costs by increasing prices. But if all (or most) entrepreneurs were faced with almost the same wage demands, and react to them in more or less with the same manner, experience has taught that it was safe to agree to those demands: it was the increase in income due to the wage bargain (including of course the increased profit) that provided the additional demand required to sell output at the improved price. There was no need to hypothesize a hidden, unspent or dormant, excess demand which became active. The myth of those who were looking for the unseen and unseen able was that all applied the ceteris paribus (With all other factors or things remaining the same) method to a situation where it was changed by itself because it was of a limited and not of a minute magnitude. Provided that the process was general, as it was, and repetitive, as it was bound to be, if single earnings good dea l overshoot the average, as they were bound to do, there was nothing to stop it from speeding up its velocity as anticipations of further earnings and prices increased enlarge speculation (Balogh, 1958). CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Data Collection The data was collected from state bank library and searched through various internet search engines e.g. jstor and Google scholar for articles, index mundi and UN website. 3.2 Sampling Technique Convenience sampling was used as data was not collected from the companies but it was collected from state bank of Pakistan. 3.3 Sample Size: 30 annual observations of real wages, inflation and labor productivity are taken for this study. 3.4 Research Model The following research model was used Labor productivity = ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² (real wage) LP= -1.472E12+3.3909E11RW 3.5 Statistical Technique Regression analysis was applied. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ANALYSIS 4.1 FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS H1. There is an Impact of Inflation on Labor productivity. Table 4.1 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Regression 6.022E21 1 6.022E21 .001 Residual 2.623E26 27 9.713E24 Total 2.623E26 28 The independent variable is CPI inflation. Impact of inflation on labour productivity is studied through curve estimation. As data was not normal, linear, ln , exponentiate , inverse transformation was applied. Significant relationship was not found even after applying transformation as it is evident by the sig value of .98 which is greater thatn .05. H2. There is an Impact of time on Labor productivity Table 4.2 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square .998 .995 .995 The independent variable is YEAR. Table 4.3 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Regression 81.851 1 81.851 7528.575 Residual .391 36 .011 Total 82.242 37 The independent variable is YEAR. Table 4.4 Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t B Std. Error Beta YEAR .134 .002 .998 86.767 (Constant) 2.282E-104 .000 . The dependent variable is ln(All Industries output). There is a positive impact of time on labour productivity. Sig value is less than .05 therefore it is significant. It means there is an Impact of time on labour productivity. Its constant value is H3. There is an Impact of Real wages on Labor productivity. Table 4.5 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square .862 .743 .732 The independent variable is realwage. Table 4.6 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Regression 7.068E25 1 7.068E25 69.357 Residual 2.446E25 24 1.019E24 Total 9.513E25 25 The independent variable is realwage. Table 4.7 Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients T B Std. Error Beta ln(realwage) 3.909E11 4.694E10 .862 8.328 (Constant) -1.472E12 4.929E11 -2.986 LP= -1.472E12+3.3909E11lnRW As its sig value is H4. There is an Impact of time on Real wages. Table 4.8 Model Summary R R Square Adjusted R Square .728 .529 .510 The independent variable is YEAR. Table 4.9 ANOVA Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Regression 244.833 1 244.833 26.998 Residual 217.648 24 9.069 Total 462.481 25 The independent variable is YEAR. Table 4.10 Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t B Std. Error Beta YEAR .409 .079 .728 5.196 (Constant) -805.624 156.901 -5.135 Sig value is less than .05 therefore it is significant. It means there is an Impact of time on Real wages. Its F value is 26.99. Its Adjusted R Square is .510 4.2 HYPOTHESES TESTING After applying the statistical test and based on the p (sig.) values, researcher has obtained all the tables and results have been provided in the following table three hypotheses were accepted and one hypothesis was rejected. 4.2.1 ACCEPTED HYPOTHESES H2, H3 H4 is the accepted hypotheses. 4.3 HYPOTHESIS ASSESSMENT SUMMARY Table 4.11 Hypothesis R Square F Significance Value Empirical Conclusion H1: There is an Impact of Inflation on Labor productivity .001 .98 Rejected H2: There is an Impact of time on Labor productivity .995 7528.57 .000 Accepted H3: There is an Impact of Real wages on Labor productivity .743 69.357 .000 Accepted H4: There is an Impact of time on Real wages. .529 26.998 .000 Accepted CHAPTER: 5 DISCUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSIONS This study empirically tested the relationship of inflation, real wage and labor productivity Inflation and real wage were the measures which are the predictors of Labor productivity. Initial estimation was that there is an impact of inflation on labor productivity, there is an impact of time on labor productivity, there is an impact of real wages on labor productivity and there is an impact of time on real wages. Jarret and Selody (1982) had considered that inflation and productivity growth are negatively related. Inflation diminished the incentive to work, distorted the informational content of relative price levels, and contracted tax reductions for depreciation. Studies suggested there was a negative relationship between inflation and productivity. It was assumed that there is a positive relationship between real wages and productivity because higher real wages increased the opportunity cost of job loss and stimulated greater work effort to avoid job loss. That positive relationship was also assumed because higher real wages put upward pressure on labour costs and cause firms substituted capital for labour, thus increasing the marginal productivity of labour (Wakeford, 2004). The results supported the conclusion that inflation has no effect on the labor productivity as its analysis showed it is not significant after applying regression analysis. Real wage have significant impact on labor productivity and real wage have positive relationship with labor productivity. Its results showed that relationship between Real wages and labor productivity is significant and 74% of variation (table 4.5) in labor productivity was explained by Real wages. Where as time has a positive relationship with real wage as well as with labor productivity. Further research should be carried out to study the relationship of inflation and labor productivity in the future as other variables (which could have relationship with inflation) are not included in this research.

Exemplification Essay: The Dead-end of Professional Sports

In 1995 Scotty Thurman was on top of the world. Thurman led the Arkansas Razorbacks to a NCAA basketball championship with one great performance after another. After this miracle season, Thurman made a decision that would change his fortunes. Rather than come back for his senior year and get his degree, he elected to make himself eligible for the NBA draft. With a NCAA championship under his belt, Thurman was confident he was ready for the NBA, but NBA scouts had different ideas. Thurman could only sit and watch the draft from start to finish. Today Thurman finds himself without a college education and still chasing his NBA dream in the Continental Basketball Association. With nothing left to turn back on, basketball is all Thurman has left. Thurman is only one example of the tragic events surrounding many young NBA prospects. Dreams of fame and fortune often lead these young adults to pass up on the tremendous opportunities to attend top universities on full scholarship. Athletic scholarships give student athletes the opportunity to receive an education and to compete on the collegiate level. NCAA basketball allows athletes to develop both physically and mentally. The skills developed in a college atmosphere go well beyond the basketball court. Still each year anywhere between four and thirty-five athletes prematurely declare themselves eligible for the NBA draft (NBA.com). The chance of success on the professional level is slim yet many continue to take the risk. By choosing not to complete a higher education the future of these athletes is severely limited. Despite the odds of failure, the influx of early entry candidates continues to rise. Marcus Fizer, a standout junior at Iowa State University, mad... ...ke the right decisions in life. The money offered by the NBA will always be a possibility, but the pride gained by earning a degree is something that will last a lifetime. Â   Works Cited Kindred, Dave. Jump Through Hoops? College Sham Continues. The Sporting News April 2000. Decoury, Mike. A New College Trend: Returning for Senior Year. The Sporting News March 2000. Forde, Pat. Love Him or Hate Him, Bearups a Player. Home Page. 19 Apr. 2000. ESPN. NBA.com. Early Entry Candidate History. Home Page. Mark David. Florida Cracks Down On Corrupt Agents. Associated Press 17 Apr. 2000. Donovan, John. An Age Old Question CNN/SI. 3 July 1999.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm Plot Summary Chapter I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Jones, the owner of â€Å"Manor Farm†, was an irresponsible farmer. He was too drunk to take good care of his animals. The barn animals were fed up with the way Mr. Jones treated them; thus they would occasionally have secret meetings at night. Old Major, their leader, had organized a meeting that would be held in the big barn. That night, the pigs Snowball, Napoleon and Squealer, the hens, the ducks the two horses Boxer and Clover, Muriel the goat and Benjamin the donkey and the rest all came just to hear what the old pig had to say about the strange dream he had the previous night. He dreamt about an ideal world. He talked to them about life, about their situation in life and the problems in life. Their only problem was Man. Man used them for his own purposes: his own needs. That, to them, seemed wrong and they knew that they had to do something about it. Old Major mentioned a Rebellion and it was all the animals hoped for. But it was up to them to rebel. Then he thought them a song â€Å"Beasts of England† that they sang on and on to memorize. Analysis Chapter I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Orwell’s Animal Farm is an allegory* it concerns the toppling of the Russian Imperial rule and its replacement by the communist regime. In this light, the characters introduced in Chapter I represent real, historical figures: Mr. Jones is the Czar, Old Major is Lenin and Marx at the same time and as for the rest of the animals, their role will become clear as the story progresses. The animals on Manor Farm (Imperial Russia) ended live in unacceptable conditions, as is evidenced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the ironies in this chapter is that the animals are not aware of their lamentable living conditions. This is shown the night that Old Major organized the meeting in the big barn. The animals are surprised and shocked when they realize that they shouldn’t be treated like that. Plot Summary Chapter II   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple of days after the barn meeting, Old Major died. The animals of the farm where preparing for the revolution. Snowball and Napoleon assumed leadership and began giving them speeches about Animalism; everything Old Major had talked about. The animals only rebelled when Mr. Jones went away for a couple of days and his men forgot to feed them. The starving animals broke the store-shed’s door and ate from the bins.

Models of cultural differences Essay

There are several different theories and models of cultural differences. Let us detect key dimensions that characterise different cultures. The work of Hall, Hofstede, Trompenaars and many others who study national cross-cultural differences has been invaluable in the area of cross-cultural studies. Edward Hall is a prominent cultural anthropologist. His theoretical framework includes a concept known as the context of culture or communication. Basically Hall argued that there is a continuum extending from a low to high degree of intense socialization within cultural groups. Hall introduces five dimensions as follows: 1. Space: Different cultures have different attitudes towards space. Social distance varies by culture. He revealed that there are different spatial zones that cultures will use for communication. For example among those of Anglo-Saxon heritage, in the United States, there is an intimate zone that extends from 0 to 18 inches from a person. Only close relations will communicate this closely. However, some cultures prefer much closer contact. For example, in many Arab cultures contact is so close that individuals frequently can smell the breaths and odours. 2. Material Goods: Such goods are used for power and status. 3. Friendship: Interpersonal relationships vary considerably across cultures. 4. Time: Linear time cultures take time and deadlines very seriously, in a very rationalist sense. Time is structured, sequential and linear. Hall distinguished between monochronic and polychronic time. Monochronic people and cultures prefer focusing on a single task at a time, and completing one task before beginning another. Polychronic cultures have the ability to focus on multiple priorities simultaneously. 5. Agreement: Expressing agreement and disagreement varies by culture. In some cultures the detailed written contract is essential to agreement, while in others a handshake is sufficient. An interesting study highlighting cultural orientations toward time was completed by Trompenaars. The point of that study was to determine time orientation of different cultures. This national study on time orientation revealed that countries such as Germany and the United States were primarily present and future oriented. Conversely, France was found to be much more focused on the past. Trompenaars develops his parameters of national cultures in such pair oppositions: 1. Universalism – Particularism: The universalist approach means that what is good and right applies everywhere, while the particularist emphasises the obligations of relationships. 2. Collectivism – Individualism: that indicates the relative closeness of the relationship between social group members. 3. Neutral – Emotional: Some cultures are affective in that they show emotions while others are neutral, control and subdue their emotions. 4. Specific – Diffuse: In specific oriented cultures the manager separates the work relationships with subordinates from other dealings with them. 5. Status: While some cultures give status on the basis of achievement, others ascribe it on the basis of age, class, gender, education, etc. 6. Sequential – Synchronic: In the former cultures time is treated as a sequence of events while on later cultures a number of events are juggled at the same time. 7. Inner-Directed – Outer-Directed: The former cultures believe that they can and should control nature while the later go along with nature. Hofstede (1991) defines culture as mental programming or the software of the mind. Hofstede identifies five national culture dimensions as follows (Hofstede, 1980), (Hofstede, 1991): 1. Power Distance that is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. 2. Individualism-Collectivism that indicates the relative closeness of the relationship between team members. 3. Masculinity-Femininity that identifies the sexuality of roles in society and the degree to which a society allows overlap between the roles of men and women. 4. Uncertainty Avoidance that is the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. 5. Long-term Orientation that is based on values of Confucianism showing to what degree do people value the future versus the past or present. The advantages of Hofstede’s dimensions include the fact that they are founded on outstanding psychological and sociological theories within the American and European traditions that are over 100 years old; they are empirically derived; they allow us to rank order nations on each dimension; and they are readily understandable by managers and students. While Hofstede’s dimensions provide an effective general approach for comparing the cultures of nations, they are not grounded to specific nations. His dimensions are designed to be culture-general rather than culture-specific. Moreover, Hofstede results are often hard to remember and difficult to use in daily cultural interactions. All of the above models are quite useful and have several strengths. However there are also some points of concern; some weakness that should be identified with respect to each model separately. Hall’s model is built on qualitative insights rather than quantitative data and does not rank different countries. Hofstede’s work has such main problems like it assumes that national territory corresponds to culture limits, omitting existing cultural non-uniformity in various countries included in the survey, or some of the dimensions effects overlap such as the small power distance characteristics with the feminine ones. For Trompenaars’ model the main problem is that the pool of informants is vaguely defined and lacks homogeneity, therefore the comparisons that are made between cultures are imprecise. References: Hall, E. T. & Hall, M. R. 1990 Understanding Cultural Differences, Intercultural Press. Hofstede, G. 1980 Cultures Consequences, Sage. Hofstede, G. 1991 Cultures and Organisations, McGraw-Hill. Trompenaars, F. 1993 Riding the Waves of Culture, Nicholas Brealey.

Music and Personality

Music and  Personality What Does Your Taste In Music Reveal About Your  Personality? Could the playlists lurking on your iPod really reveal information about your personality? Research conducted by psychologists Jason Rentfrow and Sam Gosling suggests that knowing the type of music you listen to can actually lead to surprisingly accurate predictions about your personality. For example, researchers found that people could make accurate judgments about an individual's levels of extraversion, creativity and open-mindedness after listening to ten of their favorite songs.Extraverts tend to seek out songs with heavy bass lines, while those who enjoy more complex styles such as jazz and classical music tend to be more creative and have higher IQ-scores. Why music is such a significant part of people’s identity? People may define their musical identity by wearing particular clothes, going to certain pubs, and using certain types of slang. So it’s not so surprising that pers onality should be related to musical preference. People can get defensive about what they like to listen to, as it is likely to be profoundly linked to their outlook on life.The study also demonstrates the â€Å"tribal function† of musical taste that can explain why people often bond over music. North (scientist) noted that classical and heavy metal music both attracts listeners with similar personalities but dissimilar ages. Younger members of the personality group apparently go for heavy metal, while their older counterparts prefer classical. However, both have the same basic motivation: to hear something dramatic and theatrical, a shared â€Å"love of the grandiose,† he said. The general public has held a stereotype of heavy metal fans being suicidally depressed and being a danger to themselves and society in general,† he said, â€Å"but they are quite delicate things. Aside from their age, they’re basically the same kind of person [as a classical musi c fan]. Lots of heavy metal fans will tell you that they also like Wagner, because it’s big, loud and brash. There’s also a sense of theater in both heavy rock and classical music, and I suspect that this is what they’re really trying to get at when they listen to that kind of music.I think that both types of music, classical and heavy metal, both have something of the spiritual about them — they’re very dramatic — a lot happens. The study conducted by researchers at Heriot-Watt University looked at more than 36,000 participants from all over the world. Participants were asked to rate more than 104 different musical styles in addition to offering information about aspects of their personality. Of course this helps explain why people who like the same styles of music tend to stick together, but it goes deeper than just a ‘similar interests’ thing – it’s almost suggests a new kind of tribalism.He described the findin gs as dramatic and surprising. To my mind, writing a portrait of my group, describing their tastes and trying to reveal what kind of music they do prefer would give me a really hard time. We have something in common. Those 4 years of co-existing in the same community brought up the similar views on particular things and music is one of them. That’s why if I asked them what style of music they prefer, they would probably answer, â€Å"I can’t say exactly. I listen to everything that I like, to everything that is pleasant to my ear. I know those guys, most of them would answer this way, believe me. =) So I’ve decided to make a test, just there, on the spot. To find out what kind of music appeals to them more and consequently discover something new about their personal traits. (Unfortunately I didn’t have an opportunity to try it out, but anyway the preparation itself was useful and interesting experience for me). I have 10 tracks (songs) on the CD, each st udent is to decide which song appeal to him more. But mind! Only one song! The number of the song refers to the number of the style of music in the list below. . Pop Do you prefer to listen to the top 40 hits? Do the latest tracks from Rhianna, Selena Gomez and Flo Rida make up your workout mix? If so, chances are that you also tend to be extraverted, honest and conventional. While pop music lovers are hard-working and have high self-esteem, researchers suggests that they tend to be less creative and more uneasy. 2. Rap and Hip/Hop Are Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre more your style? In spite of the stereotype that rap lovers are more aggressive or violent, researchers have actually found no such link.Rap fans do tend to have high self-esteem and are usually outgoing. 3. Country Would you rather watch CMT instead of MTV? Country music fans are typically hardworking, conventional and outgoing. While country songs are often centered on heartbreak, people who gravitate towards this genre tend t o be very emotionally stable. 4. Rock / Heavy Metal Despite the sometimes aggressive image that rock music and heavy metal project, researchers found that fans of this style of music are usually quite gentle. They tend to be creative, but are often introverted and may suffer from low self-esteem. 5.Indie ( Just in case†¦ Independent music (often shortened to indie music or indie) is music produced independently from major commercial record labels or their subsidiaries, a process that may include an autonomous, Do-It-Yourself approach to recording and publishing. The term indie is sometimes also used to describe a genre (such as indie rock or indie pop); as a genre term, â€Å"indie† may include music that is not independently produced, and most independent music artists do not fall into a single, defined musical style or genre and usually create music that can be categorized into other genres. Do you love seeking out obscure bands and indie artists? Fans of the indie gen re are typically introverted, intellectual and creative. According to researchers, they also tend to be less hard-working and less gentle. Passivity, anxiousness and low self-esteem are other common personality characteristics. 6. Dance Do you love the fast-paced rhythms of dance music? According to researchers, people who prefer dance music are usually outgoing and assertive. 7. ClassicalClassical music lovers are typically more introverted, but are also at ease with themselves and the world around them. They are creative and have a good sense of self-esteem. 8. Jazz, Blues and Soul People who enjoy jazz, blues or soul music were found to be more extraverted with high self-esteem. They also tend to be very creative, intelligent and at ease. The research has also looked at income vs music tastes, and found that higher income music loves like punchy and exciting music, whereas lower income listeners prefer more relaxing music in general.Of course there will always be exceptions, but his findings were quite telling on a general level. The research also found that as a whole, people who are into music are fairly well-rounded, creative and at ease with themselves. Much of his research is described in his book . As this is the first time that this type of research has been done in a scientific way, there is still much to find out. So, the next time you are putting together a playlist to listen to during your commute or workout, consider how your personality might be reflected in your song choices.

The Impact Of Hydroelectric Power Development Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the old ages, there has been increasing involvement in electricity coevals utilizing hydropower. However, it is merely late that the impacts of hydroelectric power workss on the environment have been recognized ; until now, it was assumed that hydroelectric power coevals was a clean and environmentally friendly electricity production method, compared to other methods. After extended research, it has been found that hydroelectric power production has some impacts that include production of nursery gases from the disintegrating flora that have been submerged in the dike, and implosion therapy of large land countries, rendering them unfit for agribusiness and other human activities, among others. Possibly the biggest impact from hydroelectric power production is the consequence it has on H2O quality. Dam building, for the intents of power production, can alter the measure and quality of H2O of a river. The disintegrating flora contains bacteria that may besides transform the quicks ilver found in basic reservoir stones into a H2O soluble signifier, which builds up in the fish organic structures and accordingly presenting a wellness hazard. This paper will research the impact of upgrading of bing hydroelectric power workss on H2O quality by, foremost, depicting typical proposed enterprises and options when upgrading bing hydropower workss, and so researching the environmental impacts of such proposed enterprises and options. 2.0 Description of proposed enterprise and options For any undertaking that aims at upgrading an bing hydropower works, the chief aim should be to increase efficiency and increase energy production and end product to the upper limit with no unwanted environmental impacts.2.1 Upgrading bing hydropower workssSeveral methods exist that can be used to increase the production of power at bing hydropower workss. Normally, these methods can be grouped into two: methods that increase the power production efficiency and methods that increase the useable H2O or caput volume. To better efficiency, old turbine smugglers and Gatess can be replaced with newer, more efficient designs ; coatings can be used to minimise loss of energy through clash in flow channels ; the public presentation of the turbine can be tweaked ; turbine smugglers can be replaced with newer 1s holding a similar design to cut down pits and other defects ; generator efficiency can be increased by rewinding them ; H2O escape can be reduced in Gatess and other constructions ; junk path cleansing can be bettered to minimise clash losingss ; and automated systems for aggregation and analysis of diagnostic informations can be set up. To increase the useable H2O or caput volume, the dam lift can be increased to increase the caput and storage capacity ; more turbines can be added to utilize the H2O that is being spilled ; put ining newer turbines and generators that have wider flow scopes ; and other alterations can be effected during distribution of storage and releases of the reservoir.2.2 Retrofiting dikes to develop new hydropowerThe chief activities during retrofitting a dike for hydropower coevals include: constructing sluicegates, consumptions, and a human dynamo that may, in high-head dikes, be located downstream, or, in dikes with low caput, replace subdivisions of the bing construction ; employment of extenuation actions to minimise the undertaking ‘s impacts ; hard-on of power lines to link the undertaking into the bing power grid ; and rerouting through the H2O turbines. Monitoring of quality of H2O, testing to forestall fish from come ining the turbine, edifice of fishing installations, and flow release conditions can do up the extenuation actions.2.3 Options to hydropower development at bing dikesWhen upgrading a hydropower works to better its bring forthing capacity, it is presumed it replaces the bing capacity since it is dearly-won to run because of high costs, for illustration disused workss or those that use dearly-won fuel, and the new capacity that is more expensive than hydropower coevals at bing dikes. To find the right capacity mix that the proposed hydropower ascent will replace, there is demand for a complete respect for future energy disbursals, the nature and location of bing and future hydropower workss, and environmental factors particular to a site.3.0 Environmental impacts of the proposed enterprise and optionsAs has been established, any hydropower development, and other methods of bring forthing power, causes several environmental impacts. The following subdivisions explore the impacts of hydropower ascents and besides for power coevals utilizing fossil fuels, which is the most likely option.3.1 impacts of upgrading bing hydropower workssNormally depending on the type of upgrade being done, the environmental impacts of hydroelectric works ascents are non as terrible when measured up against other energy development impacts. In fact, upgrades that merely necessitate the generators or turbines to be replaced, go forthing the reservoir ‘s volume and release timings unchanged, have few immediate impacts and may even hold several enduring environmental benefits. The ascents that see the volume and release timings change on the other manus may some permanent impacts.3.1.1 Water resources3.1.1.1 Construction ImpactsMinor ascents do non necessitate much work and therefore hold small or no impacts on the H2O resources, like eroding, oil spills, and riverbed break, among others. However, major ascents would necessitate more wide building and therefore the impact on H2O resources is increased. Activities in such ascents such as digging or heavy machinery usage during building addition the local creek beds ‘ and Bankss ‘ eroding, doing more sediment tonss and possible deposition downstream. The redistribution of deposits by building may hold harmful effects when the taint of the deposit is local. While enduring impacts on the H2O quality are improbable, building during ascents may take to short-run impacts like little oil spills. Due to the arrest of H2O flow in major ascents, short-run dewatering and stagnancy of the tailwater may happen, ensuing in high growing of algae and changing concentrations of dissolved O ( DO ) which finally adversely impacts aquatic life.3.1.1.2 Decreased AerationTurbines able to utilize higher flows may be installed during undertaking ascents where spillage of flow occurs via wasteweirs or Gatess because the bing turbines ‘ size can non utilize all the flow. During spillage, the spilled flow may slightly hold increased DO concentrations, or become aerated. When the tu rbines ‘ capacity is increased, there will be an addition in the flow per centum in the turbine, where aeration is minimum or absent. Entire concentrations of DO would diminish in undertakings where the DO concentration is low and an ascent would do less flow aeration during spillage. In undertakings where spillage happens during high flow periods merely, spillage may be used for power coevals because it does non hold important impact3.1.1.3 Improved Turbine AerationTo cut down jobs of H2O quality is some undertakings, turbine replacing may be the solution. In the hot season, stratification occurs in most deep reservoirs. At the underside is a bed of low DO concentrated cold H2O, which when released through the turbines means the tailwater will hold deficient DO concentration. To ease this job, the H2O can be aerated prior to go throughing it through the turbine. Research has shown that in a few workss where the turbines have been constructed to entrain air into the flow when it passes through them, aeration of the tailwaters is sufficient and economical ; aquatic life and efficiency may nevertheless be affected. In such undertakings, upgrading of old turbines may enable the installing of self-aerating turbines that accordingly may increase the DO concentrations of the tailwater, finally profiting the environment.3.1.1.4 Changes in reservoir storage and flow releasesAs seen, to upgrade bing hydropower workss, methods like increasing the turbines ‘ flow rates or increasing or changing reservoir storage, done by increasing the dike ‘s lift and altering the H2O release periods during the twelvemonth severally, can be used, which may impact the downstream and reservoir H2O quality such as altering the concentrations of DO and temperature of H2O.3.1.2 Air QualityThe impacts of hydropower workss ascents on the air quality are normally impermanent and minimum, and usually occur merely because of dust emanations and other emanations that have escaped from the equipment used in upgrade undertakings that need major building. In fact, hydropower ascents may positively impact the air quality by minimising coevals utilizing fossil fuel.3.1.3 Aquatic EcosystemsIt has been established that the alterations that may happen during building and operation activities during bing hydropower works upgrades impact aquatic life. While minor ascents do non significantly impact the H2O quality, major ascents may ensue in dirt eroding and deposit, chemical and building oil spillage, and break of contaminated deposits, which may impact aquatic life. Increased temperatures and reduced concentrations of DO, hapless tailwater quality, could ensue because of fluctuations in flow releases during building. Furthermore, because of go throughing lowly DO concentrated H2O through a turbine, instead than sloping the H2O over a dike, there could be decreased aeration which besides affects aquatic life.3.1.4 Riparian and tellurian ecosystemsBreak to riparian w etlands and home grounds due to building activities is the chief cause of the impacts of bing hydropower workss upgrade on tellurian ecosystems. However, these impacts, which depend on the site or undertaking, are normally insignifanct and merely a few undertakings may do important impacts. Upstream tellurian home ground may significantly be lost through flood because of developments that comprise heightening lifts of the dike. Short-run deposit and fluctuations in flow agendas during building, in add-on to equipment replacing inside edifices, is non likely to hold long-run impacts on tellurian ecosystems.3.1.5 Diversion3.1.5.1 Construction impactsRecreational installations will non be significantly impacted by minor hydropower works ascents except during a little building period. Major ascents on the other manus may impact recreational activities. With the possibility of the deposit loads increasing as a consequence of creek beds and bank eroding, the affected H2O quality may impac t recreational activities such as H2O skiing, fishing, yachting, and swimming, among others ; such activities may besides be affected by rare minor spillage of oil and lubricators. During upgrade building, there may be dewatering and stagnancy because of controlled flow, which consequences in unwanted growing of algae and low concentrations of DO, accordingly impacting activities like fishing. Open stones, awful odors, loud blares, dust, harmful gas emanations, and eroded Bankss, among others may besides impact the aesthetics and therefore the recreational activities.3.1.5.2 Long term ImpactsDecreased aeration in downstream dike H2O is among the permanent impacts of hydropower works ascent on recreational activities. New turbines decrease the DO concentration, impacting aquatic life and finally fishing activities. Recreational activities may besides be impacted in undertakings where high flow-capable turbines are used because there will be different flow agendas for impoundings. Alt erations in the downstream flow graduated table or programming may impact the aquatic life, therefore impacting recreational activities.3.1.6 Dam Safety and FloodingConcerns for dike safety are normally as a consequence of major, non minor 1s, hydropower works ascents which involves promoting the reservoir degrees that consequences on more structural tonss on the dike, accordingly compromising the general dike ‘s safety factor. In most upgrade developments, deluging frights are uncommon. Still, among the methods of increasing coevals at bing reservoirs is to minimise flood storage so as to do more H2O available for coevals. There would, as a consequence of this lessening in inundation storage, be an increased concern for downstream implosion therapy ; different sites have different impacts and magnitude of the excess implosion therapy.3.1.7 Energy security benefitsAlthough it will non significantly to the U.S. ‘s entire power grid, the ascent of bing hydropower workss wo uld supply inexpensive and valuable energy signifier that is local and renewable, therefore is non susceptible to foreign ordinance or fuel scarcenesss. The value of energy ensuing from such ascents is felt more during peak demands, even though it may sometimes turn out undependable, particularly during low flows or when more flow releases are required to better H2O quality and aquatic life.3.2 Impact of new hydroelectric power at bing dikesWhen an bing dike is developed by put ining new hydropower workss, many advantages are realized, minus the several bad environmental effects experienced during hydropower development at new dikes. This is because at bing dikes, the impacts caused by stream ictus such as submerging of tellurian home ground, obstructor of fish migration, alteration in volume and timing of downstream flow, among others, have already been felt ; more impacts may still be felt during retrofitting.3.2.1 Water resources3.2.1.1 Construction ImpactsThere may be some imper manent impacts on H2O resources that result from the building activities during retrofitting. Erosion at the site of building and the accidental discharge of unearthed stuffs into the watercourse may do the tailwaters to hold sediment tonss. Furthermore, the building activities may do spillage of oil and perturbation and distribution of contaminated deposits present at a dike. These impermanent impacts normally end after building is complete.3.2.1.2 Change in flow release formsDue to alterations in release agendas of H2O in hydropower workss, the downstream may hold harmful effects like interrupting aquatic life, recreational activities, and increasing eroding of the bank. As such, flow alterations are normally prohibited because they may take down the dike ‘s capacity to run into its initial marks.3.2.1.3 Changes in tailwater quality due to alterations in release liftWater in a retrofit hydropower workss can be extracted from lifts separate from the initial impounding ‘ s backdown lift. During summer, the quality of H2O in deep storage reservoir normally fluctuates with lift. An impounding, with cold H2O normally holding low concentrations of DO in its lower lifts and warm H2O holding high concentrations of DO in the higher lifts, is caused by thermic stratification. In such graded impoundings where the bing release is through a wasteweir or high lift Gatess at the top, there would be fluctuations in downstream quality during hot conditions from high to low concentrations of DO and high to low temperatures when there is installing of a hydropower works retreating from low lifts. There is normally a high heavy metal concentration like Mg and Fe, irritant compounds, in yatter discharged from low lift. Rarely, shallow impoundings may besides hold stratified H2O quality.3.2.1.4 Change in reserve H2O quality due to alterations in release liftVariations in the backdown lift from a reservoir, in add-on to the impacts discussed before, may besides impact q uality of H2O in the impoundment upstream of the dike. A gate release replacing with a turbine consumption at even the slightest lift alteration for case may take down the volume of cold H2O on the reservoir ‘s underside and raise the warm H2O volume in the reservoir in hot conditions. These fluctuations may impact temperature of H2O, production of algae, concentration of DO, and other issues of H2O quality at changing times and sites in the reservoir. Reservoir simulation theoretical accounts are employed in the anticipation of the compound, unpredictable, and site-exclusive impacts. Changing the backdown lift may sometimes be utile for the H2O quality in the reservoir, and sometimes harmful.3.2.1.5 Nitrogen Super impregnationHydropower upgrade undertakings cause nitrogen ace impregnation and later the fishes ‘ gas bubble infection which causes the formation of gas bubble in a organic structure of the fish which may kill. Three conditions may ensue in the formation of n itrogen ace impregnation: when releases from the reservoir are really aerated, when air is entrained into severely constructed sluicegates, and when N saturated H2O from inside the reservoir is discharged to tailwaters. Nitrogen ace impregnation does non by and large have big impacts in hydropower development at retrofitted dikes.3.2.2 Air QualityAs has been established, impacts of air quality of retrofitting dikes are similar to hydropower works ascent ‘s local, impermanent and minimum impacts. Happening merely during building, effects may include get awaying dust emanations and equipment usage emanations and are by and large minimum compared with other emanations.3.2.3 Aquatic ecosystemThe aquatic resources during building from dike retrofitting are impacted the same manner as during ascent of bing hydropower workss. There is nevertheless greater opportunity for the impact on aquatic resources, by degrading the H2O and home ground quality, to be more, peculiarly from H2O deb asement, because of the major building in this option. Despite the already bing reservoir and the beings ‘ version to the H2O environment, get downing of hydroelectricity production may alter the releases ‘ volume and timing. Consequently, there may be instant and more terrible H2O degree fluctuations in the tailwaters and reservoir, which destroy critical shallow-water home ground for aquatic life. Furthermore, when lowly concentrated DO, cold, deep H2O is discharged from stratified reservoirs will degrade the quality of H2O of the tailwaters and negatively impact the ecosystem adapted to deep warm, extremely concentrated DO H2O releases.3.2.4 Dam safety and implosion therapy3.2.4.1 Dam safetyRetrofiting hydropower dike has a few dike safety concerns. Because building may necessitate removing of some of the bing dike ‘s parts, there is a possibility of the dike ‘s basis or construction weakening if improperly done.3.2.4.2 DelugingDesign-specific, the buildin g of hydropower workss at dikes with low-head may upsurge the implosion therapy upstream ‘s rate and graduated table. If there is the slightest obstructor in the flows ‘ way due to building, the upstream inundation lifts would increase.3.2.5 Energy security benefitsAlthough it will non significantly to the U.S. ‘s entire power grid, energy from retrofitting dikes would supply inexpensive and valuable energy signifier that is local and renewable, therefore is non susceptible to foreign ordinance or fuel scarcenesss. The value of energy ensuing from such an option is felt more during peak demands, even though it may sometimes turn out undependable, particularly during low flows or when more flow releases are required to better H2O quality and aquatic life.3.3 Impacts of coevals utilizing fossil fuelsMost of U.S. power production capacity is due to the usage of fossil fuels ( coal, gas and oil ) . The power that would hold been produced by hydropower is so got from th e usage of these fossil fuels.3.3.1 Water resourcesThe coevals of fossil-fuels can take to a figure of effects to H2O resources. In most instances fossil fuels workss are normally constructed following to big H2O organic structures to supply H2O for chilling or to thrust ahead as agencies of conveyance for the fuels. The building of these workss besides interferes with the land countries taking to eroding and as a consequence taking to residue tonss in the H2O organic structures. Coal excavation and transit are the chief effects of coal- power coevals to legion H2O organic structures. In the humid parts coal mines have for a long period triggered serious pollution of H2O organic structures due to altering of the river channels ( because of direct excavation effects, hydrologic alterations to watershed, and increased residue tonss ) and drainage of acids from mines. Although these impacts can be controlled, to a certain extent they can non be wholly avoided. In waterless countries, these effects are less compared to those in humid countries. However, impacts such as change of groundwater can happen. Even though, the transit of fossil fuels by flatboat on H2O resources can do minor impacts, other agencies of transit such as coal slurry grapevines, can ensue into terrible impacts on local H2O organic structures. The lavation of coal at the power works or mine to better its combustion or emanations qualities ; big sums of H2O are consumed every bit good as pollut ion as a consequence of these procedures. Water resources can besides be degraded due to production and transit of gas and oil used in the production of electric power. These effects can be due to offshore oil production and oil spills in the class of refinement and transit. The production of fossil-fuel power workss is the root to several pollution effects to H2O organic structures. Cooling H2O is required by these workss in the condensation of steam after it has been recycled in the boilers. The cooling H2O can be used one time and channeled to come up H2O or it can be recycled through the chilling tower let go ofing the heat out to the ambiance. Significant temperature addition and vaporization in the receiving H2O organic structure can besides be caused by chilling procedures. Water is likewise consumed by the chilling towers through vaporization and the discharge of blow down H2O, which contains higher concentrations of dissolved solids.3.3.2 Air qualityThe major beginning of air emanations is due to the usage of fossil fuels in power coevals as compared to the usage hydroelectric coevals. Some of these emanations include ; dust discharged from coal hemorrhoids and mines, vehicles used in excavation and transit of these fossil fuels, the storage and use of crude oil and gas besides release hydrocarbon emanations and emanations from burning. Air quality as an impact of fossil- fuel production is of the greatest concern as it leads to the emanation of burning merchandises such as S dioxide, azotic oxide, atoms and C dioxide. Approximately 70 % sulfur emanations, 40 % of azotic oxide emanations and 10 % of particulate emanations of U.S. are produced during fossil- fueled power production. With most emanations coming from oil and coal burning, natural gas- fuel workss have significantly lowered air emanations. The chief concerns are sulfur dioxide and azotic oxides ; they non merely affect human wellness but besides contribute to acidic rain and dry deposition. Particulates can likewise hold terrible effects on human wellness, conditions and visibleness. Carbon dioxide emanations are besides possible subscribers to planetary heating. Ever since the 1950s, a steady rise in the emanations of C dioxide has been experienced. Whereas about half of the emitted C dioxide released remains in the ambiance lending to planetary heating, the staying half is either dissolved into oceans or taken up by workss or sequestered.3.3.3 Aquatic ecosystemSeveral of the impacts due to the building and operation of fossil-fueled power workss to aquatic ecological resources are really different both in sort and magnitude to the impacts brought approximately by several hydropower replacements. Unless a chilling lake is created by the dodo fuel works, the loss of aquatic home ground will be relativity little, compar ed to those due to upgrading or retrofitting of already bing reservoirs. This will be much less compared to the sum of riverine home grounds that would be lost due to a new hydroelectric impounding. Entrainment, encroachment and chemical and thermic discharges are some of the effects brought approximately by the operation of a chilling system capacitor of a dodo works to aquatic beings. Large sums of solid wastes such as burning ash and scrubber sludge are besides produced by coal-burning power workss. If non controlled, leachates form coal and ash hemorrhoids can degrade the H2O quality every bit good as holding toxicant effects on the aquatic beings. Furthermore, aquatic communities over a big geographical country can see important H2O quality effects and habitat loss associated to the whole fuel rhythm ( coal and oil excavation, polish or cleansing, and ash deposition ) . Aquatic beings in widespread countries can likewise be affected by acerb deposition from fossil fuel workss.3.3.4 DiversionThe state ‘s uninterrupted dependance on fossil fuels as the chief beginning of production for electrical power has appeared to hold important effects on recreational avocations in assorted countries. During the air inversion episodes in some of the major metropoliss in the U.S. , air quality effects due to the burning of coal are already impacting people with respiratory complications who the usage some of these recreational resources. In New England and other parts of the U.S. , acidic depositions from coal burning is said to hold affected fishing in assorted lakes. Drain of acids from coal mines has non merely affect fishing but white water canoeing and kayaking, yachting, swimming, hike and the overall aesthetic qualities of watercourses in Appalachia and in other topographic points. Through the surface excavation of coal recreational chances such as hunting, hike and nature observation can be disturbed throughout the U.S. However, through renewal, these sites may heighten some of these recreational resources. Increased concentrations of nursery gases in the ambiance can besides convey with it impacts to recreational resources such as alteration in the precipitation measures and governments of a part, more serious or more perennial air inversions, raising or take downing of reservoirs capacities, legion or more terrible major storms in the coastal countries, rise in the sea degree, altering of wildlife home grounds, and change of wildlife migration waies and times. Any out-of-door recreational avocation will be significantly be affected by all these. The boring rigs near the refineries for gas and oil used in power coevals can likewise consequence in H2O quality impacts from rigs, oilers or grapevines which may take to occasional oil spills both onshore and offshore. Recreational activities such as fishing, yachting, swimming, and nature observation can besides be affected as consequence of these impacts. Refinery installations ( with both ocular and olfactive effects ) are frequently seen to be noxious topographic points doing them incompatible with recreational resources. Aesthetic enjoyment of such recreational resources can be reduced where there are grapevines. Drilling, production and other research activities due to increased used of gas and oil can hold possible negative effects on these diversion resources particularly in wildlife safeties and delicate offshore locations. In Western United States, in some of the comparatively pristine environment where natural gas desulfurization installations are located near the boring rigs ; ocular, audile and olfactive impacts could be produced where this gas is found. Activities such as hike, runing and nature observation could besides be affected.3.3.5 Energy security benefitsSupplies form Coal and domestic gases are considered to be unafraid energy resource suppliers. In the United States, coal is known to be the richest unrenewable energy resources. Although, fossil-fueled workss are considered to be extremely dependable, they can be besides be affected by terrible conditions conditions such as drouths ( that consequence into inefficient chilling doing it expensive for power production ) . Following the day-to-day rhythm demands, fossil-fuel power workss are non all that efficient. In the quest to extenuate this inefficiency, pumped storage hydroelectric power undertakings and gas turbine workss though less ef ficient are frequently used because the turbines respond rapidly to altering demands. Environmental impacts which involves air emanations both regional and globally and the high ingestion of H2O are some of the factors that limit the development of new fossil-fueled workss at assorted sites. 4.0 Decision

Ethical Egoism

Ethical egoism, in my belief, is not the moral theory that men should follow or live by. Simply put, my belief stems from the multiple inconsistencies and contradictions that are inherent in the said normative system. Self-interest and self-preservation, although very valuable, are not, in my opinion, the primary factors that should drive a man’s life. It is because, I believe, by purely following one’s own interests, man fails to consider the greater picture, that being the peace and harmony in society.More importantly, I believe that man can be driven by other desires and motives in his moral actions. Hobbes’ assertion is that man should use his power to preserve himself and to do what he must in order to satisfy his own interests. His fundamental assumption regarding the nature of man is that man is an agent of self-interest who is prepared to harm others in order to obtain what he believes is best for him. Furthermore, Hobbes states that man is governed by hi s own reason and that every man has the right to everything. Such statement is what Hobbes calls the fundamental law of nature.However, Hobbes believes that if it is in the self-interest and preservation of one’s life to enter into a covenant with another, man is bound to abide by such covenant. Contracts are reached when both parties feel that it is in their best interests to enter and agree to the terms. Breaking a covenant or a contract is considered unjust in Hobbes’ view. Hobbes’ idea is that man must submit to certain moral rules out of fear of conflict which is to his best interests. Basically, Hobbes suggested that a human being acts morally because it is in his self-interest to do so.There have been various philosophers who have raised arguments and objections against Hobbes’ views. One of such philosophers is H. A. Prichard. In Prichard’s point of view, there is no need to whether self-interest and morality run in parallel with each other . Instead, he suggests that human beings have reasons other than self-interest to act morally. One such reason is the innate desire in humans to do the right thing. Prichard suggests that having motives other than self-interest allows us to determine whether an individual who has done something moral deserves praise or not.Without the presence of other motives, self-interest will be the only driving factor and thus, will remove any possible distinction between two persons committing the same moral act. Brody’s argument with regards to the basis of morality on self-interest is that human beings can have other motives for being moral. Admitting that all actions are based on the satisfaction of a certain desire, Brody states that humans may have desires for something else other than his own well-being. Brody believes that selfish motives are indeed a possible source of moral actions.However, he asserts that this does not mean that all moral actions stem from selfish motives alon e. In other words, egoism is not clearly established as the sole source of morality. My belief that ethical egoism is not the correct moral theory agrees with Brody’s assertions. Aside from the points that Brody has raised, I believe that ethical egoism fails to consider the possibility that men act not for their own interests alone. The interests of another person may drive the man to act morally especially if such a person is deeply valued. For instance a parent may act morally not for her own interests but for that of her children.Ethical egoism fails to consider that human nature includes certain emotions that are driving factors of one’s actions. Emotions or feelings such as love, care, and affection are also possible motives for actions. These have not been taken into account by ethical egoism. Thus, it is my personal belief that ethical egoism is not the correct moral theory. Reference: Arthur, John. 2005. â€Å"Morality, Religion, and Conscience. † In Ar thur, J. (Ed. ) Morality and Moral Controversies: Readings in Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy. Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Pearson Prentice Hall.